Circular Reasoning Definition and Examples

In informal logic, circular reasoning  is an argument that commits the logical fallacy of assuming what it is attempting to prove. Fallacies closely related to circular reasoning include  begging the question  and petitio principii. The fallacy of the petitio principii, says Madsen Pirie, lies in its dependence on the unestablished conclusion. Its conclusion is used, albeit often in a disguised form, in the premises which support it (How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic, 2015). Examples and Observations The circular argument uses its own conclusion as one of its stated or unstated premises. Instead of offering proof, it simply asserts the conclusion in another form, thereby inviting the listener to accept it as settled when, in fact, it has not been settled. Because the premise is no different from and therefore as questionable as its conclusion, a circular argument violates the criterion of acceptability. (T. Edward Damer, Attacking Faulty Reasoning. Wadsworth, 2001)Circular argument: A sentence or argument that restates rather than proves. Thus, it goes in a circle: President Reagan was a great communicator because he had the knack of talking effectively to the people. The terms in the beginning of the sentence (great communicator) and the end of the sentence (talking effectively) are interchangeable. (Stephen Reid, The Prentice Hall Guide for College Writers, 5th ed., 2000) Mental Illness and Violent Crimes The assumption that people with mental health issues are violent is deeply entrenched (cleaver-wielding lunatic costumes,  anyone?). It often leads to circular reasoning. How often have you heard people claim that committing a violent crime is proof of mental illness? Only a mentally ill person would kill someone, so anyone who kills someone is automatically mentally ill. Leaving aside the  vast majority of homicides  which aren’t committed by people with mental problems, this isn’t evidence based. (Dean Burnett, Stop Blaming Mental Illness for Violent Crimes. The Guardian [UK], June 21, 2016) Circular Reasoning  in Politics Senator Kent Conrad of North Dakota offers a perfectly circular argument: we cant have the public option, because if we do, health care reform wont get the votes of senators like him. In a 60-vote environment, he says . . ., youve got to attract some Republicans as well as holding virtually all the Democrats together, and that, I dont believe, is possible with a pure public option. (Paul Krugman, Health Care Showdown. The New York Times, June 22, 2009)Ralph Nader and Pat Buchanan are banging at the doors, and the political establishment, consisting of both politicians and the media, seems determined not to let them in on the grounds that they have no public support. This is a circular argument; one of the reasons they have so little support is that they are generally ignored by the press and will most likely be barred from the presidential debates, which require a base support of 15 percent of the electorate. (Lars-Erik Nelson, Party Going. The New York Review of Books, August  10, 2000) Going in Circles Circular reasoning can be used fallaciously . . . in arguments which require the use of premises that can be shown to be better established than the conclusion to be proved. The requirement here is one of evidential priority . . ..  Arguing in a circle  becomes a fallacy of petitio  principii or begging the question where an attempt is made to evade the burden of proving one of the premises of  an argument by basing it on the prior acceptance of the conclusion to be proved. . . . So the fallacy of begging the question is a systematic tactic to evade fulfillment of a legitimate burden of proof . . . by the proponent of an argument in dialogue by using a circular structure of argument to block the further progress of dialogue, and, in particular, to undermine the capability of the respondent, to whom the argument was directed, to ask legitimate critical questions in reply. (Douglas N. Walton, Circular Reasoning.  A Companion to Epistemology, 2nd ed., edited  by  Jonathan Dancy et al. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010)

Analysis Essays About Lying - 1063 Words

Webster’s Dictionary defines a lie as an intentionally false statement. However, defining a simple three-letter word is not as easy as it seems on the surface. Upon reading or hearing the word lie, people are instantly associated with a general feeling of negativity. Lying generally creates feelings of dishonesty, untrustworthiness, deceit, and betrayal. However, lying is one of the oldest human social practices. Erin Bryant explains in her essay â€Å"Real Lies, White Lies, and Gray Lies† that even though lying has a derogatory label, it is a very common social behavior used by a majority of people on a daily basis. It has been a subject of scrutiny through the millennia by philosophers such as St. Augustine, Aristotle, and Plato. Can lies†¦show more content†¦Greed and self-preservation usually assume precedence. Think of all the cases similar to O.J. Simpson’s, or more recently, the Penn State scandal. Those accused swore their innocence even in the f ace of obvious guilt. Gray addresses this aspect of lying as follows: â€Å"Here rest the domains, familiar to everyone, of being on the spot, of feeling guilty, of fearing reprimand, failure, or disgrace, and on the other side of the ledger, of wishing to seem more impressive to others than the bald facts allow.† This type of lying is used to make the liar seem better than they really are. It can be used to increase publicity, wealth, or interest for a relationship. Scenarios such as these have been laid out for the world to see time and time again. A man at the bar, hoping to spark interest in an unlucky lady, creates an alter-ego he uses in an attempt to impress her. The young lawyer pretends to have a vast successful case record in the attempt to gain a new client. The Chief Executive Officers of large corporations falsify documentation to entice stock owners to invest, all the while embezzling and taking the money as their own. There are countless examples of such cases : the Enron incident, Watergate scandal, S L debacle, the Bay of Pigs fiasco, etc. The final category of lying is lying with the intent to harm others. This form of lying is the most sourly looked upon. Thankfully, it is also the rarest ofShow MoreRelatedIs Lying Bad For Us?1195 Words   |  5 PagesLying today is quite a disregarded subject, causing its reputation enough to make people uneasy. Most are taught at a young age that lying is substandard, lousy, or even cheap, and that you should never use it to your benefit. Of course we don’t want to be a lousy person, but what about lying makes it so? Why is it considered so immoral and frowned upon by many social norms? Luckily for us there are two very appealing essays that help us crack these baffling questions. In these essays, they defineRead MoreWhat is wrong with adultery Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesAdultery Bonnie Steinbock in her essay â€Å"What’s Wrong with Adultery?† starts by quoting the data from studies to show that the number of women who have committed adultery has significantly increased. Despite this increase in female adultery, it is in some degree due to the attitudes changing toward sex and sexuality, but Steinbock thinks that people should use rational justification to evaluate the disapproval of adultery. Then in the rest of the parts of Steinbock’s essay, she is generally arguing againstRead MoreThe Truth About Lying By Judith Viorst1346 Words   |  6 Pagesdepression, as he regards everyone to be a facade of who they truly are. Conventional wisdom would uphold this condemnation of dishonesty. However, in Judith Viorst’s â€Å"The Truth About Lying,† she presents a reality where various types of dishonesty-social, peacekeeping, protective, trust-keeping- are necessary. I believe that lying is morally right only if it facilitates h armonious social interactions between people. Lies meant to protect someone’s feelings or prevent conflict between two people are necessaryRead MoreKant And Kant s Universal Law Essay1458 Words   |  6 PagesDoes Kant successfully establish that one must never under any circumstances or for any purpose tell a lie? In this essay, I will argue that Immanuel Kant fails to successfully establish lying as morally impermissible because the claim that lying is morally impermissible goes against common sense. Kant defines his Universal Law to demonstrate the necessary action one must take in order to act in a way that is morally permissible and uses it in support of his belief that one’s motive is the soleRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1280 Words   |  6 PagesGatsby, all the characters in the book portray themselves differently from their true selves because they are corrupted by greed, money, or love. Gatsby, in the beginning, had a sense of mystery and intrigue, about him but when we actually meet him and get to know him we discover that he is a lying, despicable man. Many people want to look better in other’s eyes and will distort their image to do so. Every character in this book has a story of who they are and who they want to be, and are willing toRead MoreBbc Media Coverage Analysis Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will argue that whilst the BBC media coverage of my chosen article has good attributes, there is a lack of extensiveness and some of the information that is presented to the reader is misleading. Throughout this essay I will analyse the original research study and compare the findings to previous research. Secondly, an analysis of the media’s article will be conducted, before comparing it the research study. Lastly, I will conclude that the BBC’s representation of the study is impreciseRead MoreMayella Ewell Character Analysis Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesMayell Ewell Essay Ava Chong Mayella Ewell Character Analysis In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee presents Mayell Ewell as a complex, round character with traits that evoke various feeling from the reader. In one light, â€Å"she seemed somehow fragile-looking† (179). She is scared of what would happen to her if anyone found out she was lying. The questioning became too much and made her â€Å"stare at (Judge Taylor) and burst into tears† (179). The crying showed her emotional and fragile sideRead MoreThe Way We Lie641 Words   |  3 Pagescompletely normal, actually they don’t feel anything at all. One can be couth lying in any place like work, home and to different person’s friends, family, clients, teachers and even authority. In the preface of the story the author had describe how in a day she had lied a minimum of four times to various people. In spite of this the authors tried a different approach she tried now to go a week without consciously lying, she discovered that it is merely impossible and of course as various negativeRead MoreReflection Paper On The Formal Writing Assignments983 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers never went into as much depth and detail as we did in this class. Writing in general was one of my biggest challenges coming into this class. In class we had to write reflections about ourselves and our week in class. I would always struggle with these because I would never know what to write about or how to start it. However, I got more comfortable with formal writing. I felt more comfortable with these because it was like following a formula. With the formal papers, I had directionsRead MoreThe Psychology Of The Social Injustice Of Women937 Words   |  4 Pagesbooks, journals, notes, evaluations/analyses, and tests/assessments. Books and Journals Writing in psychology can range from an analysis, journals, or books. Many psychologists write pieces along the lines of an evaluation or analysis of a patient; meetings are confidential, meaning that psychologists cannot share content about the patient. In psychology, one can write about an example, or elaborate on the information one has found. One can continue the writing to a greater source such as journals,

The benefits of globalization outweigh its cost. How far...

The term globalization is defined as growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. All definitions appear to agree that globalization has economic, political, cultural, and technological aspects that may be closely intertwined by the International Monetary Fund . Benefits is defined as advantage or profit and cost is defined as the effort or loss necessary to achieve something by the Oxford dictionary of Current English. We agree to a large extent to the statement, The benefits of globalization outweigh its cost. Even though there are some†¦show more content†¦Although many may not pay attention to this aspect, but nowadays, as the Earth is getting more and more polluted, people also start to pay more emphasis on protecting the Earth. Globalization have indeed improved communications and raised the awareness of everyone around the world. Contrastively, globalization itself has great damage to the environment. Due to developed countries going into developing countries to exploit their resources, the natural resources is depleting at a rapid speed, yet we are still not doing enough to stop it. As there are strict laws regarding the environment in developed countries, these companies turn their eyes onto developing countries whose environmental laws are more relaxed in comparison. As these developing countries also want to earn revenue and income that these companies bring, they open the door to them, but destroying Mother Earth at the same time. Thirdly, globalization has also effects on human socially, in their cultural and way of thinking. As countries always need to corporate with each other when they do some investment or business together, as neighbors engage in communication to determine their shared goals, and how they wish to live. Therefore globalization allows humanity to work together as a team towards noble goals rather than as individuals grasping to meet their own needs. Countries can bond to each others more closely. This way, interacting between different races and religion facilitates and we can understandShow MoreRelatedInternational Business5797 Words   |  24 PagesChapter 01 Globalization True / False Questions 1. (p. 4) The notion that national economies are relatively self-contained entities is on the rise. FALSE 2. (p. 4) For the last 50 years, the volume of goods, services and investment crossing national borders has consistently expanded faster than world output. TRUE 3. (p. 4) Today, the world economy is fast moving toward a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining. TRUE 4. (p. 6) The shift toward a more integratedRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesThis page intentionally left blank International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior Eighth Edition Fred Luthans University of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009Read MoreWal-Mart Internationalization15922 Words   |  64 Pagesrefer to Globalization. Globalization is about worldwide economic activity - about open markets, competition and the free flow of goods, services, capital and knowledge. It has made the world economy more efficient. As global companies enter local markets, local companies enter global ones. The resulting competition increases product quality, widens the range of available goods, and keeps prices low. Consumers everywhere are the big winners from the globalization process. Globalization actuallyRead MoreProject Management15109 Words   |  61 Pagesthe priority economic structure in the country providing thereby needs of communities; stated outputs were not achieved dignified way of life to a citizen as a unit and socio- or, if achieved, not sustained; target groups did not benefit in the manner intended; project costs escalated economic up liftment of the society. So most of the administrators are directly concerned with the program / project administration than other activities. The capability of administrative system to formulate and implementRead MoreEssay about Informations Management9347 Words   |  38 Pages Executive Summary The reports sets about assessing HA Logens current business operation both in the UK and India, this done by utilising three analysis tools, SWOT analysis, PESTEL analysis and Porters Fiver Forces analysis. From the SWOT analysis the reports highlights several key points, which includes the potential of overseas sales in emerging economies and the benefits of having manufacturing faculties in India. The lack of developed e-commerce and the poor utilisation of information technologyRead MoreImplementation and Use of ERP Systems18074 Words   |  72 Pagesdecision making at ABC company Keywords and phrases in this document are: ABC (Activity based costing) IT (Information Technology) COTS (Commercial off the Shelf) MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) CEMLI (Configurations/Customization, Extension, Modification, Localization, and Integration) XYZABC (Information Technology Centre) BU (Business Unit) ROI (Returns on investment), ROC (Returns on Customers) COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) SGA (Sales, General and Administrative)Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visualRead MoreImportance Of Relationship Marketing32123 Words   |  129 Pages This project report is being submitted as a part of the requirements of the MBA Program of Bangalore University. The project has been undertaken By: SHRIYA MEHROTRA Reg. No. 04VWCM 6117 With the guidance and support of Prof. Raja Sekhar Faculty: MBA [pic] ALLIANCE BUSINESS ACADEMY BANGALORE – 560 076 Batch: 2004-2006 Declaration I, Shriya Mehrotra, student of MBA 4th semester, studying at Alliance Business Academy, Bangalore do here by declare that this projectRead MoreBodie, Kane, Marcus Study Guide Essay40928 Words   |  164 Pagesand Issues CHAPTER ONE INVESTMENTS: BACKGROUND AND ISSUES CHAPTER OVERVIEW The purpose of this book is to a) help students in their own investing and b) pursue a career in the investments industry. To help accomplish these goals Part 1 of the text (Chapters 1through 4) introduces students to the different investment types, the markets in which the securities trade and to investment companies. In this chapter the student is introduced to the general concept of investing, which is to forego consumptionRead MoreTrends in Workplace17940 Words   |  72 PagesTrends in Workplace Learning: Supply and Demand in Interesting Times By Laurie Bassi, Scott Cheney, and Eleesha Lewis The ancient Chinese saying May you live in interesting times has perhaps never been more relevant. As the 1990s draw to a close and the new millennium fast approaches, life is phenomenally interesting--and demanding. Professionals who are responsible for workplace learning and performance improvement are squarely in the center of the swirl of exciting possibilities--and requirements--that

Significance of Outsourcing in Business Free-Samples Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Outsourcing in Business. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing in business has become quite prevalent in the contemporary business. This is becoming increasingly popular in the contemporary world. Many companies have already considered the process while many new companies have accepted the benefits of outsourcing. The globalization effect and the cost effectiveness of the process have made this a popular business process. However, despite of several benefits of the outsourcing it has some disadvantages as well. In the outsourcing of the business parent companies generally do not have any direct control over the outsource branches. It is because of such factor that the quality of the outsource locations is not as per the quality of the parent company (Kang, M., Wu, Hong and Park 2012). Nevertheless, companies are still passionate about the concepts because they see this as a cost effective process, which is never possible with the business in the parent company (Massini and Miozzo 2012). This paper is a reflective journal on the attac hed research proposal, which has shown some works on the facts of business outsourcing. The main purpose of this paper is to write a reflective journal on the learnt materials from the provided research proposal on the business outsourcing. Effectiveness and usefulness of the learning experience- The learning experiences from the various lectures in the university courses are very useful for my future courses and the career ahead. The learning would help me conduct further works of research on some selected topic comprehensively. This is very necessary for doing a dissertation, which is also a part of the academic course. The learning experience is also helpful for my career because it is helping me with utmost knowledge on several topics that are useful for a practical business world. I am a student of Business Administration and this is important for me to be acquainted with such topics. How the learning process is useful- Course- The learning process is highly useful for the course as the academic courses do contain various research proposal and dissertation as well. The learning process through the entire lectures has widely covered the various aspects of a research proposal, which made me become acquainted with the subject topic. There are high scopes for the research works in academics, which is why the learning process is extremely helpful for my future courses (Sreejesh, Mohapatra and Anusree 2014). Program- The learning process is also helpful my future program as I am pursuing postgraduate in Business Administration and these kinds of learnings are of high use for me. The Business Administration program is can best its benefits is the students are comprehensively acquainted with the practical business world. The learning process is very guiding and supporting for my program in the university. Future career- The learning that the provided assignments provide is of high importance for my career. This is because it covers some very practical and widely popular contents of a business world. Business outsourcing is highly practiced process across the globe. The knowledge that I have gathered from the assignment is extremely helpful for my career as a graduate business professionals. Life- The assignment and the learning experience from the assignment is highly beneficial for a prospect career. Nevertheless, a prospect career brings a peaceful life as well. Details of the entire learning process- The learning process has covered the primary resources for conducting the research on the chosen topic. The primary resources are used in this process to get the most authentic responses on the topic. A semi-structured interview with the Human Resource Department would be used for the research on outsourcing. An online survey would also be conducted with the customers (Hair 2015). Evaluation of the learning- The assignment has helped me to understand the importance of outsourcing in business. Business outsourcing has become an increasingly spreading affair for the contemporary business (Mani, Barua and Whinston 2012). This is because it has provided utmost benefits to the different organizations. Outsourcing has become a good source to cut on the costs and enhance the profit margin for the company (Holweg and Pil 2012). Some countries such as India, China, Bangladesh and Pakistan have comparatively low labour costs. Low labour costs in such countries are attracting many companies to outsource some of their business. Outsourcing has brought many benefits to such organizations such as cost effectiveness, low burden on the HRM, skipping the strict government rules in the parent country, attaining the best business environment in the target country and many others (Awino and Mutua 2014). They are getting cheap labours in such countries. Some portions of their works are getting reduced with t he help of outsourcing. The subject study, which are depicted in the provided assignments have largely influenced me as a learner. It helped me to learn some of the most important aspects of a business world. Business outsourcing is a broad concept, which is adding new dimensions to its scope with the gradual passage of time (Yang, Wacker and Sheu 2012). The assignment is a research proposal on outsourcing, which would consider the primary resources to get the best results (Qaisar and Khawaja 2012). The assignment and the lecture notes have helped on how to design a research paper. This would extensively help me in my various future works, which is necessary for a successful completion of the entire program. Moreover, to become a graduate professional a sound theoretical knowledge of the subject and a practical understanding of some related business practices are necessary. Lessons learnt The assignment and the lecture notes have not only taught me the process needed to design a research work but it has also helped me in knowing some factual thing about the practical business world. The practical business world is much different to what taught in the academics. It differs in the practices, which itself depend on various organizations and their ethical considerations. The lecture notes are a good source of learning whereas the provided assignment is a good source to understand the practical business world. Reason for the particular activity- The particular activity is chosen because it excited my attention towards this particular term. I am also a student of Business Administration and it is very important for me to be acquainted with the most practical world of business. To enhance my academic standard and to enhance my business capabilities I had chosen the topic. Practical application of the learning- The learning finds its application in wide terms in practical life. Outsourcing has already become a widely prevalent used business practice across the globe (Handley and Benton 2012). It was important for me to be familiar with the subject topic to give me a good understanding of the practical business. This is necessary for me that I complete my academics with good grades, which is never possible without a proper learning. Moreover, the provided lecture notes are one of the tools that build up the foundation of a proper learning. It is important for me as well that I become a graduate professional after the completion of academics, which would be highly needed for getting a good job. The chosen subject would help me because this has supplied to me some practical facts of the business outsourcing. These are some of the business terms, which would help me in my business career further. Conclusion The lecture notes are very informative and educative as well. They teach me some basics of a research works, which is needed to purse a successful academic career in universities. The assignment is informative as well as this supply some very useful findings of business outsourcing. Business outsourcing has become an integral aspect of business practices, which is day-by-day growing in its popularity. It has lessened a portion of burden from the parent company. References Awino, Z.B. and Mutua, J.M., 2014. Business process outsourcing strategy and performance of Kenyan state corporations.Journal of emerging trends in economics and management sciences,5(7), pp.37-43. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe. Handley, S.M. and Benton, W.C., 2012. Mediated power and outsourcing relationships.Journal of Operations Management,30(3), pp.253-267. Holweg, M. and Pil, F.K., 2012. Outsourcing complex business processes.California Management Review,54(3), pp.98-115. Kang, M., Wu, X., Hong, P. and Park, Y., 2012. Aligning organizational control practices with competitive outsourcing performance.Journal of Business Research,65(8), pp.1195-1201. Mani, D., Barua, A. and Whinston, A.B., 2012. An empirical analysis of the contractual and information structures of business process outsourcing relationships.Information Systems Research,23(3-part-1), pp.618-634. Massini, S. and Miozzo, M., 2012. Outsourcing and offshoring of business services: challenges to theory, management and geography of innovation.Regional Studies,46(9), pp.1219-1242. Qaisar, S. and Khawaja, K.F., 2012. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business.Cloud Computing: Network/Security Threats and Countermeasures,3, pp.1323-329. Sreejesh, S., Mohapatra, S. and Anusree, M.R., 2014.Business research methods. Springer International Publishing AG. Yang, C., Wacker, J.G. and Sheu, C., 2012. What makes outsourcing effective? A transaction-cost economics analysis.International Journal of Production Research,50(16), pp.4462-4476.